Animations

Chapter 1
• An icon channel is controlled by a gate
• Protein aggregates can cause human disease

Chapter 2
• Structure of 2TM/1P K+ channel
• The aquaporin selectivity filter

Chapter 3
• The interior of a Eukaryotic Cell
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
• Expansion of the smooth ER to form karmellae
• Peroxisomes can Import Large Particles

Chapter 4
• Identifying the exocytic pathway
• The organelles of an exocrine cell
• Biosynthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides
• Morphology of membranes in yeast cells
• Oocytes have many clathrin-coated pits
• Clathrin-coated pits in dynamin mutant flies
• Tay-Sachs disease lysosomes are enlarged

Chapter 5
• The nucleus of a mammalian cell
• The nucleus is delimited by the nuclear envelope
• Heterochromatin in red blood cells
• The ER and outer nuclear membranes are contiguous
• The nuclear lamina is beneath the inner nuclear membrane
• Annulate Lamellae

Chapter 7
• Moving organelles within an axon
• Dynamic instability of purified tubulin
• Motion within teh cytoplasm
• GTP hydrolysis drives dynamic instability
• Dynamic microtubules in vivo
• Microtubule deploymerization can generate force
• A radial array of microtubules centers itself
• A +tip protein marks growing microtubules ends
• Movement of pigment granules
• Kinesin walking
• A growth cone encountering a cue
• Microtubules, MAPs and actin align the yeast spindle
• The ciliary beat pattern
• A beating cilium
• A beating flagellum
• How an axoneme moves
• A rod cell
• A motility assay with DIC optics
• A motility assay by fluorescence

Chapter 10
• The events of mitosis
• Condensation and alignment of chromosomes
• Mitosis is a dynamic process
• Microcopy of spindles
• Components of the spindle
• Kinetochore fibers
• Microtubule flux toward poles
• Tetrapolar mitosis
• Centrioles and the primary cilium
• The centriole cycle
• Microtubules rearange as cell enters mitosis
• Monopolar spindles form when centrosomes do not separate
• Kinetochores mature early in mitosis
• Microtubule dynamics in prophase
• Capture of a Kinetochore
• Formation of spindle fibers
• Chromosome mono-orientation
• Mono-oriented chromosomes
• Alignment of chromosomes
• Mono-oriented chromosomes do not reach a pole
• Demonstrating polar ejection forces
• Aligned chromosomes oscillate continuously
• Chromatids peel apart as anaphase begins
• The spindle elongates in anaphase
• The mitolic spindle over the course of mitosis
• Formation of the midbody
• Formation of the midbody 2
• Cytokinesis
• Formation of the midbody 3
• Astral microtubules

Chapter 15
• Electron micrographs of cells and extracellular matrices
• Histological staining reveals extracellular space
• The basement membrane
• Electron micrographs of tight junctions
• Electron micrographs of septate junction
• Electron micrograph of hemidesmosomes

Chapter 16
• Bacterial chemotaxis

Chapter 17
• Formation of a stomatal pore
• An apical meristem
• Leaves can occur in spiral patterns
• Leaves around a stem
• Generating files of cells
• Generating sheets of cells
• Generating three dimensional forms
• Viruses move between cells through plasmodesmata
• Oriented cellulose microfibrils direct cell expansion
• Severing of cross-links allows expansion
• Extension may change the angle of microfibils
• Microtubules run beneath the plasma membrane
• Microtubules are aligned perpendicular to cell elongation
• Cortical microtubules and cellulose microfibrils are parallel
• The differentiation of xylem
• Tip growth
• Root hairs are produced by tip growth
• Pollen tubes allow fertilization
• A growing tip
• Reorganization of tip growth by symbiotic bacteria